Valoración de la fragilidad en la persona con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: análisis de expertos / Assessment of frailty in the person with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Expert analysis

Introducción Las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) tienen una prevalencia de fragilidad que se estima entre 3 y 5 veces mayor que aquellos que no la padecen, sin embargo, no existe un consenso claro sobre el diagnóstico y manejo clínico durante el itinerario de la persona frágil con DM2. Objetivos El objetivo principal de este estudio es identificar las limitaciones y necesidades actuales en el uso del concepto de fragilidad en personas con DM2 (PCDM2), así como definir y evaluar, según su importancia y novedad, las dimensiones que podrían incluirse en su valoración clínica de rutina. Métodos Se llevó a cabo un proceso basado en la técnica de grupo nominal con la participación de un equipo multidisciplinario de 8 profesionales de la salud que trabajan en diferentes hospitales de España. Resultados Se identificaron y clasificaron según su importancia un total de 8 limitaciones en la evaluación de la fragilidad en PCDM2, así como 10 necesidades no satisfechas relacionadas con el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la enfermedad. Además, se identificaron 7 dimensiones que consideramos que deben incluirse en la definición de la persona frágil con DM2, ordenadas por importancia y novedad. Conclusiones El presente artículo podría lograr aumentar el conocimiento y uso en la comunidad médica del concepto de fragilidad en la persona con DM2 y desembocar en un futuro proyecto que logre realizar, de manera consensuada, una definición de fragilidad adaptada a este colectivo (AU)

Introduction People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) have a higher prevalence of frailty compared to those without DM2. However, there is a lack of consensus on the diagnosis and clinical management of frail individuals with DM2. Objectives This study aims to identify limitations and current needs in the use of the frailty concept in PCDM2 (people with DM2), as well as define and evaluate the dimensions that should be included in its routine clinical assessment. Methods A multidisciplinary team of eight health professionals from different hospitals in Spain participated in a process based on the nominal group technique. Results The study identified eight limitations in the assessment of frailty in PCDM2, categorized by importance, and 10 unmet needs related to the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease. Additionally, seven dimensions were identified that should be included in the definition of frail individuals with DM2, prioritized by importance and novelty. Conclusions This article aims to increase knowledge and usage of the frailty concept in individuals with DM2 within the medical community. It also suggests the potential for future projects to develop a consensus definition of frailty tailored to this specific group (AU)

Assessment of frailty in the person with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Expert analysis.

INTRODUCTION: People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) have a higher prevalence of frailty compared to those without DM2. However, there is a lack of consensus on the diagnosis and clinical management of frail individuals with DM2. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify limitations and current needs in the use of the frailty concept in PCDM2 (people with DM2), as well as define and evaluate the dimensions that should be included in its routine clinical assessment. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team of eight health professionals from different hospitals in Spain participated in a process based on the nominal group technique. RESULTS: The study identified eight limitations in the assessment of frailty in PCDM2, categorized by importance, and 10 unmet needs related to the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease. Additionally, seven dimensions were identified that should be included in the definition of frail individuals with DM2, prioritized by importance and novelty. CONCLUSIONS: This article aims to increase knowledge and usage of the frailty concept in individuals with DM2 within the medical community. It also suggests the potential for future projects to develop a consensus definition of frailty tailored to this specific group.

Physical activity patterns in type 1 diabetes in Spain: The SED1 study.

AIMS: To describe the physical activity (PA) frequency and intensity in the Spanish type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) population and its association with their glycemic control. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in 75 Spanish public hospitals (the SED1 study). T1D patients over 14years of age self-completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to determine their level of exercise. The relationship between PA frequency and intensity in T1D patients and glycemic control and the diabetes therapeutic education received were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 592 patients were evaluable. A 6.8% of the sample performed light PA, 20.9% moderate and 72.3% vigorous. Estimated PA presented a high inter-individual variability. Men consumed more energy (METS) than women, these differences being more noticeable in vigorous METS (2865.80 in men vs 1352.12 in women). Women invested more min/week in the domestic and garden area (639.03 vs 344.39, p = 0,022). A correlation between glycemic control and the METs was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish T1D population performed PA in a higher frequency and intensity than the general population. A relationship between PA and glycemic control couldn´t be shown. However, limitations of the study should be kept in mind to discard a long-term positive influence.

Resumen ejecutivo sobre el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en personas de edad avanzada o frágiles. Actualización 2022 del documento de consenso 2018 "Tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el paciente anciano" / Executive summary on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly or frail individuals. 2022 update of the 2018 consensus document "Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly"

La heterogeneidad de la población de edad avanzada con DM tipo 2 (DM2) supone un reto importante para los profesionales de la salud. La elección del régimen terapéutico debe ser individualizada, considerando el estado funcional, la fragilidad y las comorbilidades, así como las preferencias del paciente y sus cuidadores. La nueva evidencia sobre la protección cardiovascular y renal de determinados grupos terapéuticos, así como la utilidad de nuevas tecnologías en el manejo de la DM2, entre otros aspectos, hace necesaria una actualización del documento de consenso sobre la DM2 en el paciente anciano que se publicó en 2018 (AU)

The population with type 2 DM (DM2) is highly heterogeneous, representing an important challenge for healthcare professionals. The therapeutic choice should be individualized, considering the functional status, frailty, the occurrence of comorbidities, and the preferences of patients and their caregivers. New evidence on the cardiovascular and renal protection of specific therapeutic groups and on the usefulness of new technologies for DM2 management, among other aspects, warrant an update of the consensus document on the DM2 in the elderly that was published in 2018 (AU)

Evaluación de conocimientos, barreras y actitudes en el manejo de la diabetes tipo 2 en pacientes de edad avanzada: estudio Delphi en atención primaria y hospitalaria / Evaluation of knowledge, barriers, and attitudes in the management of type 2 diabetes in elderly patients: A Delphi study on primary and hospital care

Objetivos Explorar actitudes en la práctica clínica habitual de un grupo multidisciplinar de médicos en España en el manejo de pacientes de edad avanzada o frágiles con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos Se utilizó una encuesta mixta tipo Delphi y preguntas de opinión, actitud y comportamiento. Se compararon las percepciones en atención primaria (n=211) y en atención hospitalaria (n=80). Resultados Se obtuvo consenso en todos los enunciados. El 87% de participantes consideró que los trastornos psiquiátricos graves condicionan el tratamiento antidiabético, y el 72% que la evaluación psicocognitiva es tan relevante como la del resto de comorbilidades. Los médicos de atención hospitalaria consideraron con mayor frecuencia que la comorbilidad afecta al autocuidado (95,0% vs. 82,9%), que la ausencia de desintensificación es una forma de inercia terapéutica (88,8% vs. 76,3%), que clasificar al adulto mayor como frágil es fundamental para elegir objetivos (96,3% vs. 87,7%), que debe valorarse la desintensificación del tratamiento antidiabético y el control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mayores de 80 años (90,0% vs. 78,7%) y que la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 predispone a la sarcopenia (86,3% vs. 71,6%). La utilidad de las guías clínicas fue más valorada entre los participantes de atención primaria (79,1% vs. 72,5%). Conclusiones Existen aspectos susceptibles de mejora en el manejo de pacientes de edad avanzada o frágiles con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: la inercia en la desintensificación del tratamiento, la evaluación psicocognitiva o la identificación de fragilidad y sarcopenia (AU)

Objectives This work aims to explore attitudes regarding the management of elderly or frail patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the routine clinical practice of a multidisciplinary group of physicians in Spain. Methods A mixed survey was used that included both Delphi and opinion, attitude, and behaviour (OAB) questions. Perceptions in primary care (n=211) and hospital care (n=80) were compared. Results Consensus was obtained on all statements. Eighty-seven percent of participants considered that severe psychiatric disorders conditioned antidiabetic treatment and 72% that a psychocognitive assessment is as relevant as the assessment of other comorbidities. Hospital care physicians more frequently considered that comorbidity affects self-care (95.0% vs. 82.9%), that a lack of de-intensification is a form of therapeutic inertia (88.8% vs. 76.3%), that classifying older adults as frail is fundamental to choosing targets (96.3% vs. 87.7%), that de-intensification of antidiabetic treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors should be considered in those over 80 years of age (90.0% vs. 78.7%), and that type 2 diabetes mellitus predisposes patients to sarcopenia (86.3% vs. 71.6%). The usefulness of clinical guidelines was more highly valued among primary care participants (79.1% vs. 72.5%). Conclusions There is room for improvement on several aspects of managing elderly or frail patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, including inertia in treatment de-intensification, conducting a psychocognitive assessment, or the identification of frailty and sarcopenia (AU)

Executive summary on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly or frail individuals. 2022 update of the 2018 consensus document "Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly".

The population with type 2 DM (DM2) is highly heterogeneous, representing an important challenge for healthcare professionals. The therapeutic choice should be individualized, considering the functional status, frailty, the occurrence of comorbidities, and the preferences of patients and their caregivers. New evidence on the cardiovascular and renal protection of specific therapeutic groups and on the usefulness of new technologies for DM2 management, among other aspects, warrant an update of the consensus document on the DM2 in the elderly that was published in 2018.

Evaluation of knowledge, barriers, and attitudes in the management of type 2 diabetes in elderly patients: A Delphi study on primary and hospital care.

OBJECTIVES: This work aims to explore attitudes regarding the management of elderly or frail patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the routine clinical practice of a multidisciplinary group of physicians in Spain. METHODS: A mixed survey was used that included both Delphi and opinion, attitude, and behaviour (OAB) questions. Perceptions in primary care (n = 211) and hospital care (n = 80) were compared. RESULTS: Consensus was obtained on all statements. Eighty-seven percent of participants considered that severe psychiatric disorders conditioned antidiabetic treatment and 72% that a psychocognitive assessment is as relevant as the assessment of other comorbidities. Hospital care physicians more frequently considered that comorbidity affects self-care (95.0% vs. 82.9%), that a lack of de-intensification is a form of therapeutic inertia (88.8% vs. 76.3%), that classifying older adults as frail is fundamental to choosing targets (96.3% vs. 87.7%), that de-intensification of antidiabetic treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors should be considered in those over 80 years of age (90.0% vs. 78.7%), and that type 2 diabetes mellitus predisposes patients to sarcopenia (86.3% vs. 71.6%). The usefulness of clinical guidelines was more highly valued among primary care participants (79.1% vs. 72.5%). CONCLUSIONS: There is room for improvement on several aspects of managing elderly or frail patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, including inertia in treatment de-intensification, conducting a psychocognitive assessment, or the identification of frailty and sarcopenia.

Resumen ejecutivo: Documento de posicionamiento: evaluación y manejo de la hipoglucemia en el paciente con diabetes mellitus 2020. Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes Mellitus de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición / Executive summary: Position document: Evaluation and management of hypoglycemia in the patient with diabetes mellitus 2020. Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition

Proporcionar unas recomendaciones prácticas para la evaluación y el manejo de la hipoglucemia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus. Miembros del Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes Mellitus de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN). Las recomendaciones se formularon según el sistema Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) para establecer tanto la fuerza de las recomendaciones como el grado de evidencia. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en MEDLINE (PubMed) de la evidencia disponible para cada tema, y se revisaron artículos escritos en inglés y castellano con fecha de inclusión hasta el 28 de febrero de 2020. En este resumen ejecutivo incluimos la evidencia reciente incorporada desde 2013. El documento establece unas recomendaciones prácticas basadas en la evidencia acerca de la evaluación y manejo de la hipoglucemia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus.

To provide practical recommendations for the evaluation and management of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Members of the Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN). The recommendations were made based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to establish both the strength of the recommendations and the level of evidence. A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (PubMed) for the available evidence on each subject, and articles written in English and Spanish with an inclusion date up to 28 February 2020 were reviewed. This executive summary takes account of the evidence incorporated since 2013. The document establishes practical evidence-based recommendations regarding the evaluation and management of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus.

¿Cuándo empieza la diabetes? Detección e intervención tempranas en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / When does diabetes start? Early detection and intervention in type2 diabetes mellitus

La diabetes mellitus tipo2 (DM2) es una enfermedad progresiva cuyos cambios fisiopatológicos se producen varios años antes de su detección. Un abordaje basado en el desarrollo fisiopatológico de la DM2 y sus complicaciones enfatiza la importancia de una intervención temprana e intensiva, no solo para prevenir la disfunción de las células beta, sino también para actuar sobre los posibles factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados antes de alcanzar los umbrales glucémicos fijados actualmente para el diagnóstico de la DM2. En el terreno de la DM2 de reciente diagnóstico, el estudio VERIFY ha mostrado que el tratamiento precoz combinado con metformina-vildagliptina proporciona mejoras relevantes en el control glucémico a largo plazo y puede influir positivamente en la evolución de la enfermedad

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a progressive disease whose pathophysiological changes occur several years before its detection. An approach based on the pathophysiological development of DM2 and its complications emphasises the importance of early and intensive intervention, not only to prevent beta-cell dysfunction but also to act on the potential associated cardiovascular risk factors before reaching the blood glucose thresholds currently set for diagnosing DM2. In the field of recently diagnosed DM2, the VERIFY study has shown that early treatment combined with metformin-vildagliptin provides relevant improvements in long-term glycaemic control and can positively affect the disease's progression

When does diabetes start? Early detection and intervention in type2 diabetes mellitus. / ¿Cuándo empieza la diabetes? Detección e intervención tempranas en diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a progressive disease whose pathophysiological changes occur several years before its detection. An approach based on the pathophysiological development of DM2 and its complications emphasises the importance of early and intensive intervention, not only to prevent beta-cell dysfunction but also to act on the potential associated cardiovascular risk factors before reaching the blood glucose thresholds currently set for diagnosing DM2. In the field of recently diagnosed DM2, the VERIFY study has shown that early treatment combined with metformin-vildagliptin provides relevant improvements in long-term glycaemic control and can positively affect the disease's progression.

Acidosis láctica asociada a metformina, ¿un fantasma o un asesino? / Metformin-associated lactic acidosis, a ghost or a murderer?

No disponible

Interindividual differences in the clinical effectiveness of liraglutide in Type 2 diabetes: a real-world retrospective study conducted in Spain.

AIMS: To study the response of clinical variables (HbA1c , body weight, lipid profile and blood pressure) over 24 months of liraglutide treatment in a real-world clinical setting, and to describe the evolution of HbA1c and body weight reduction in response to liraglutide treatment by employing generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs). METHODS: We included people aged ≥ 18 years with Type 2 diabetes mellitus that initiated liraglutide treatment between November 2011 and May 2015. Demographic and clinical data were retrieved retrospectively over 24 months from electronic medical records with a median duration of observation of 7.0 (IQR 3.0-12.0) months. RESULTS: Individuals that initiated liraglutide therapy were obese (BMI 39.1 kg/m2 ), with inadequate HbA1c (68 mmol/mol [8.4%]), blood pressure and lipid levels. Upon liraglutide treatment, HbA1c , body weight, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and lipid levels decreased gradually. GAMMs demonstrated that longer treatment with liraglutide was a predictor of improved HbA1c response, whereas higher baseline HbA1c , longer Type 2 diabetes duration and treatment with insulin were predictors of worse HbA1c response. Higher baseline weight, longer treatment with liraglutide and the interaction between metformin and time were predictors of improved weight response. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-world study, we showed the effectiveness of liraglutide in improving body weight, HbA1c , mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and lipid levels. GAMMs indicated that baseline HbA1c and weight, time of treatment with liraglutide, diabetes duration and the use of metformin or insulin are predictors of clinical response to liraglutide.

Tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el paciente anciano / Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly patients

La prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) se incrementa marcadamente con la edad. El tratamiento antidiabético y los objetivos de control glucémico en el anciano con DM2 deben individualizarse en función de sus características biopsicosociales. En los pacientes de edad avanzada, en los que los beneficios de un tratamiento antidiabético intensivo son limitados, los objetivos básicos deben ser mejorar la calidad de vida, preservar la funcionalidad y evitar los efectos adversos, muy especialmente las hipoglucemias. El tratamiento de la DM2 en el anciano fue objeto de un consenso, publicado en 2012 y avalado por varias sociedades científicas españolas. Desde entonces, han aparecido nuevos grupos terapéuticos y evidencias que hacen recomendable su actualización. El presente documento se centrará en los aspectos terapéuticos de la DM2 en el paciente anciano, entendiendo como tal el tener una edad mayor de 75 años o presentar fragilidad (AU)

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) increases markedly with age. Antidiabetic treatment and the objectives of glycaemic control in elderly patients with DM2 should be individualised according to their biopsychosocial characteristics. In elderly patients for whom the benefits of intensive antidiabetic treatment are limited, the basic objectives should be to improve the quality of life, preserve functionality and avoid adverse effects, especially hypoglycaemia. Treatment of DM2 in the elderly was the subject of a consensus document published in 2012 and endorsed by several Spanish scientific societies. Since then, new therapeutic groups and evidence have emerged that warrant an update to this consensus document. The present document focuses on the therapeutic aspects of DM2 in elderly patients, understood as being older than 75 years or frail (AU)

Tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el paciente anciano / Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly patients

La prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) se incrementa marcadamente con la edad. El tratamiento antidiabético y los objetivos de control glucémico en el anciano con DM2 deben individualizarse en función de sus características biopsicosociales. En los pacientes de edad avanzada, en los que los beneficios de un tratamiento antidiabético intensivo son limitados, los objetivos básicos deben ser mejorar la calidad de vida, preservar la funcionalidad y evitar los efectos adversos, muy especialmente las hipoglucemias. El tratamiento de la DM2 en el anciano fue objeto de un consenso, publicado en 2012 y avalado por varias sociedades científicas españolas. Desde entonces, han aparecido nuevos grupos terapéuticos y evidencias que hacen recomendable su actualización. El presente documento se centrará en los aspectos terapéuticos de la DM2 en el paciente anciano, entendiendo como tal el tener una edad mayor de 75 años o presentar fragilidad (AU)

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) increases markedly with age. Antidiabetic treatment and the objectives of glycaemic control in elderly patients with DM2 should be individualised according to their biopsychosocial characteristics. In elderly patients for whom the benefits of intensive antidiabetic treatment are limited, the basic objectives should be to improve the quality of life, preserve functionality and avoid adverse effects, especially hypoglycaemia. Treatment of DM2 in the elderly was the subject of a consensus document published in 2012 and endorsed by several Spanish scientific societies. Since then, new therapeutic groups and evidence have emerged that warrant an update to this consensus document. The present document focuses on the therapeutic aspects of DM2 in elderly patients, understood as being older than 75 years or frail (AU)

[Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly patients]. / Tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el paciente anciano.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) increases markedly with age. Antidiabetic treatment and the objectives of glycaemic control in elderly patients with DM2 should be individualised according to their biopsychosocial characteristics. In elderly patients for whom the benefits of intensive antidiabetic treatment are limited, the basic objectives should be to improve the quality of life, preserve functionality and avoid adverse effects, especially hypoglycaemia. Treatment of DM2 in the elderly was the subject of a consensus document published in 2012 and endorsed by several Spanish scientific societies. Since then, new therapeutic groups and evidence have emerged that warrant an update to this consensus document. The present document focuses on the therapeutic aspects of DM2 in elderly patients, understood as being older than 75 years or frail.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly patients. / Tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el paciente anciano.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) increases markedly with age. Antidiabetic treatment and the objectives of glycaemic control in elderly patients with DM2 should be individualised according to their biopsychosocial characteristics. In elderly patients for whom the benefits of intensive antidiabetic treatment are limited, the basic objectives should be to improve the quality of life, preserve functionality and avoid adverse effects, especially hypoglycaemia. Treatment of DM2 in the elderly was the subject of a consensus document published in 2012 and endorsed by several Spanish scientific societies. Since then, new therapeutic groups and evidence have emerged that warrant an update to this consensus document. The present document focuses on the therapeutic aspects of DM2 in elderly patients, understood as being older than 75 years or frail.

Incidence, recurrence and cost of hyperglycaemic crises requiring emergency treatment in Andalusia, Spain.

AIMS: Hyperglycaemic crises (diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state) are medical emergencies in people with diabetes. We aimed to determine their incidence, recurrence and economic impact. METHODS: An observational study of hyperglycaemic crises cases using the database maintained by the out-of-hospital emergency service, the Healthcare Emergency Public Service (EPES) during 2012. The EPES provides emergency medical services to the total population of Andalusia, Spain (8.5 million inhabitants) and records data on the incidence, resource utilization and cost of out-of-hospital medical care. Direct costs were estimated using public prices for health services updated to 2012. RESULTS: Among 1 137 738 emergency calls requesting medical assistance, 3157 were diagnosed with hyperglycaemic crises by an emergency coordinator, representing 2.9 cases per 1000 persons with diabetes [95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.8 to 3.0]. The incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis was 2.5 cases per 1000 persons with diabetes (95% CI 2.4 to 2.6) and the incidence of hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state was 0.4 cases per 1000 persons with diabetes (95% CI 0.4 to 0.5). In total, 17.7% (n = 440) of people had one or more hyperglycaemic crisis. The estimated total direct cost was €4 662 151, with a mean direct cost per episode of €1476.8 ± 217.8. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycaemic crises require high resource utilization of emergency medical services and have a significant economic impact on the health system.

Hacia un manejo integral del paciente con diabetes y obesidad. Posicionamiento de la SEMI, SED, redGDPS, SEC, SEEDO, SEEN, SEMERGEN y SEMFYC / Position statement of the SEMI, SED, redGDPS, SEC, SEEDO, SEEN, SEMERGEN y SEMFYC

La obesidad y el sobrepeso constituyen la principal causa modificable de diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). En el momento del diagnóstico de la diabetes tipo 2 se debe establecer el grado de obesidad según el índice de masa corporal y, en los pacientes con sobrepeso, determinar el perímetro de la cintura. El adecuado tratamiento de la DM2 requiere un abordaje simultáneo del sobrepeso/obesidad y el resto de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, como la hipertensión, la dislipemia o el tabaquismo. Las intervenciones no farmacológicas (dieta, ejercicio) con beneficio demostrado en la prevención y tratamiento del paciente con DM2 y sobrepeso/obesidad deben seguir un enfoque individualizado y multidisciplinario, con programas estructurados dotados de recursos específicos. La ganancia de peso asociada al tratamiento antidiabético puede dificultar el control glucémico, comprometer la adherencia al tratamiento, empeorar el perfil de riesgo vascular de los pacientes y limitar los beneficios cardiovasculares del tratamiento. Por ello, es importante evitarla; una medida que resulta coste-efectiva. Los fármacos antidiabéticos con beneficios sobre el peso corporal también han demostrado su beneficio en pacientes con un índice de masa corporal<30kg/m2. Globalmente, el tratamiento del paciente con DM2 y obesidad dependerá tanto del grado de obesidad como de la comorbilidad asociada. Los ensayos clínicos de intervención en DM2 deben contemplar objetivos combinados que incluyan no solo el control glucémico, sino otras variables como el riesgo de hipoglucemia y el efecto del tratamiento sobre el peso corporal (AU)

Obesity and excess weight are the main preventable causes of type 2 diabetes (DM2). When diagnosing type 2 diabetes, clinicians should establish the degree of obesity according to the body mass index (BMI) and, for patients with excess weight, measure the waist circumference. The proper treatment of DM2 requires a simultaneous approach to excess weight/obesity and the other cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and smoking. Nondrug interventions (e.g., diet and exercise) have proven benefits in preventing and treating patients with DM2 and excess weight/obesity and should follow an individual and multidisciplinary approach, with structured programs equipped with specific resources. Weight gain associated with antidiabetic treatment can hinder glycaemic control, compromise treatment adherence, worsen the vascular risk profile and limit the cardiovascular benefits of treatment. Therefore, it is significant to avoid weight gain, a measure that can be cost-effective. Antidiabetic drugs with benefits in body weight have also demonstrated their benefit in patients with BMIs <30. In general, the treatment of patients with DM2 and obesity will depend both on the degree of obesity and the associated comorbidity. Clinical trials on DM2 intervention should consider combined objectives that include not only glycaemic control but also other variables such as the risk of hypoglycaemia and the effect of treatment on body weight (AU)

Position statement of the SEMI, SED, redGDPS, SEC, SEEDO, SEEN, SEMERGEN y SEMFYC.

Obesity and excess weight are the main preventable causes of type 2 diabetes (DM2). When diagnosing type 2 diabetes, clinicians should establish the degree of obesity according to the body mass index (BMI) and, for patients with excess weight, measure the waist circumference. The proper treatment of DM2 requires a simultaneous approach to excess weight/obesity and the other cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and smoking. Nondrug interventions (e.g., diet and exercise) have proven benefits in preventing and treating patients with DM2 and excess weight/obesity and should follow an individual and multidisciplinary approach, with structured programs equipped with specific resources. Weight gain associated with antidiabetic treatment can hinder glycaemic control, compromise treatment adherence, worsen the vascular risk profile and limit the cardiovascular benefits of treatment. Therefore, it is significant to avoid weight gain, a measure that can be cost-effective. Antidiabetic drugs with benefits in body weight have also demonstrated their benefit in patients with BMIs <30. In general, the treatment of patients with DM2 and obesity will depend both on the degree of obesity and the associated comorbidity. Clinical trials on DM2 intervention should consider combined objectives that include not only glycaemic control but also other variables such as the risk of hypoglycaemia and the effect of treatment on body weight.